Although there have been occasional experiments with oxygen enrichment in special circumstances such as white cement manufacture, the heat used in the cement industry has always been produced by burning fuels in air. The large amount of inert material (mainly nitrogen) in air affects the efficiency of the process by inflating the thermal mass of the exhaust gases produced. The following data are supplied to perform standard calculations on the efficiency of systems, including the derivation of thermodynamic functions.
Standard Air: data for 20°C
|
Dry Air |
50% Humidity @ 20°C |
| %v/v |
%m/m |
%v/v |
%m/m |
| N2 |
78.078730 |
75.506792 |
77.386302 |
75.085820 |
| O2 |
20.944586 |
23.142107 |
20.758842 |
23.013083 |
| Ar |
0.933937 |
1.288226 |
0.925655 |
1.281044 |
| H2O |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.886833 |
0.557529 |
| CO2 |
0.040000 |
0.060996 |
0.039645 |
0.060656 |
| Ne |
0.001818 |
0.001265 |
0.001802 |
0.001258 |
| He |
0.000524 |
0.000072 |
0.000519 |
0.000072 |
| CH4 |
0.000180 |
0.000100 |
0.000178 |
0.000099 |
| Kr |
0.000114 |
0.000330 |
0.000113 |
0.000328 |
| H2 |
0.000055 |
0.000004 |
0.000055 |
0.000004 |
| N2O |
0.000030 |
0.000046 |
0.000030 |
0.000046 |
| CO |
0.000010 |
0.000010 |
0.000010 |
0.000010 |
| Xe |
0.000009 |
0.000041 |
0.000009 |
0.000041 |
| O3 |
0.000007 |
0.000012 |
0.000007 |
0.000012 |
|
Air after removal of oxygen by combustion: data for 20°C
|
Dry Air |
50% Humidity @ 20°C |
| %v/v |
%m/m |
%v/v |
%m/m |
| N2 |
98.764558 |
98.242079 |
97.659227 |
97.530622 |
| O2 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
| Ar |
1.181370 |
1.676115 |
1.168149 |
1.663977 |
| H2O |
0.000000 |
0.000000 |
1.119157 |
0.724187 |
| CO2 |
0.050597 |
0.079362 |
0.050031 |
0.078787 |
| Ne |
0.002300 |
0.001646 |
0.002274 |
0.001634 |
| He |
0.000663 |
0.000094 |
0.000655 |
0.000093 |
| CH4 |
0.000228 |
0.000130 |
0.000225 |
0.000129 |
| Kr |
0.000144 |
0.000430 |
0.000143 |
0.000427 |
| H2 |
0.000070 |
0.000005 |
0.000069 |
0.000005 |
| N2O |
0.000038 |
0.000060 |
0.000038 |
0.000059 |
| CO |
0.000013 |
0.000013 |
0.000013 |
0.000012 |
| Xe |
0.000011 |
0.000053 |
0.000011 |
0.000053 |
| O3 |
0.000009 |
0.000015 |
0.000009 |
0.000015 |
|